Membrana de circulación extracorpórea veno-arterial para ablación de tormenta eléctrica en shock cardiogénico: caso clínico / Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) used for support during ablation of ventricular electrical storm: case report

RESUMEN: Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente que presenta un infarto del miocardio con trombolisis no exitosa y posterior implantación de 2 stents coronarios quien desarrolla, algunos días después, una tormenta eléctrica ventricular. Una ablación de la taquicardia se realizó bajo ECMO, con buen resultado. Se detalla la descripción del caso, revisa y discute el tema.

ABSTRAC: A patient with a myocardial infarction whom, following a failed thrombolisis and implantion of 2 stents developed a ventricular electrical storm and hemodynamic instability. A successful ablation of the tachycardia with the use of ECMO was performed. A full description is included, along with a discussion of the subject.

Clinical characteristics and long-term follow-up results of radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of ventricular tachycardia in patients with arrhythmogenic left ventricular cardiomyopathy / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To investigate the acute and long-term outcome of catheter ablation for the treatment of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with arrhythmogenic left ventricular cardiomyopathy (ALVC). Methods: This retrospective, cross-sectional study enrolled ALVC patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of VT at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2011 to December 2018 and collected their clinical characteristics and intraoperative electrophysiological examination. Patients were followed up every 6 months after radiofrequency ablation until August 2021. Echocardiographic results and VT recurrence post radiofrequency ablation were analysed. Results: Totally 12 patients were enrolled (mean age: (42±15) years, 11 males(11/12)). The mean of left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVDd) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were (51±5)mm and (65±5)%, respectively. Twelve VTs were induced in 10 patients during the electrophysiological study, and the mean tachycardia cycle length was (293±65) ms. Three-dimensional substrate mapping revealed the diseased area at endocardial site in one patient, at epicardial sites in the other 11 patients (involved endocardial sites in 2 cases) with the basal part near the mitral annulus being the predilection for the substrate (10/11). After the catheter ablation at the endocardial and epicardial sites respectively, the complete procedure endpoint was achieved in all patients (VT cannot be induced post ablation). The median follow-up time was 65 (25, 123) months. One patient was lost to follow-up, and the other 11 patients survived without VT. No significant cardiac function deterioration was detected by the echocardiographic examination ((51±5)mm vs. (52±5)mm, P>0.05 for LVDd, (65±5)% vs. (60±6)%, P>0.05 for LVEF) at the end of follow-up. Conclusion: After radiofrequency ablation, the complete procedure endpoint is achieved in ALVC patients, and the catheter ablation provides long-term ventricular tachycardia control during the long-term follow-up.

Radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients post surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To investigate the clinical and electrophysiological features of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) patients post surgical repair (rTOF) and to analyze the therapeutic effect and prognosis of radiofrequency ablation of rTOF-VT. Methods: This is a retrospective study. Consecutive patients with rTOF-VT, who were treated in Fuwai Hospital from January 2015 to March 2020, were enrolled. All the patients underwent right ventricular voltage mapping following routine cardiac electrophysiological examination, followed by linear or homogenizing radiofrequency ablation based on the low-voltage substrate. The clinical features, 3-dimentional electrophysiological substrate mapping, radiofrequency ablation and long-term prognosis of the enrolled patients were analyzed. Acute ablation success was defined as completion of linear or homogenizing ablation or intraoperative evoked VT as destination of the procedure. Patients were followed up at 3 and 6 months post operation and every year thereafter. The endpoints were sudden cardiac death (SCD) and recurrence of ventricular tachycardia. Results: A total of 20 patients with rTOF-VT were enrolled including 14 males with an age of (35.8±11.8) years. The electrocardiogram identified 23 types of ventricular tachycardia, 19 of which were originated from right ventricular inflow tract outlet. The most common clinical manifestations were heart murmur (19 cases, 95%) and syncope (4 cases, 25%). Electroanatomical substrate mapping was performed in 20 patients and evidenced localized or diffuse scar or low-voltage area of right ventricle. Intraoperative electrophysiological tests provoked ventricular tachycardia in 6 patients (30%), including 5 patients with hemodynamics disturbance. The acute success rate of radiofrequency ablation was 95% (19/20). The follow-up time was (31.1±17.7) months and the recurrence rate of ventricular tachycardia was 30% during follow-up period and 5 cases received repeat radiofrequency ablation and there was no recurrent ventricular tachycardia during follow-up post repeat radiofrequency ablation. Conclusions: The voltage substrate mapping under sinus rhythm is a feasible mapping method for rTOF-VT. Linear or flaky radiofrequency ablation of the slow conduction zone is safe and effective treatment strategy, the recurrence rate after the first radiofrequency ablation is still high, and the effectiveness of repeat radiofrequency ablation is satisfactory in this patient cohort.

Taquicardia ventricular por reentrada rama - rama en pacientes con enfermedad de Steinert: serie de tres casos y revisión de la literatura / Bundle branch reentrant ventricular tachycardia in patients with Steinert´s disease: report of three cases and review of the literature

Resumen: Se presentan tres casos clínicos de pacientes con en Enfermedad de Steinert y Taquicardia ventricular recurrente asociada. En los 3 casos el diagnóstico involucró un exhaustivo estudio electrofisiológico que demostró que se trataban de TV rama a rama. Se describen los mecanismos y las maniobras electrofisiológicas para establecer el diagnóstico, como también el tratamiento. Incluye una extensa revisión bibliográfica.

Abstract This is a report of three patients with Steinert´s disease who presented with ventricular tachycardia requiring electrical cardioversion. Extensive electrophysiologic study demonstrated an underlying bundle branch ventricular tachycardia. The mechanisms and the electrophysiological approach to diagnosis are described in detail and the treatment selected is discussed. An extensive review of the literature is included.

Tratamiento con radiofrecuencia de la tormenta eléctrica: evolución y seguimiento / Radiofrequency treatment for electrical storm: evolution and monitoring

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: La tormenta eléctrica (TE) se caracteriza por episodios repetidos de taquicardia ventricular o fibrilación ventricular relacionados con mal pronóstico a corto y largo plazos. El objetivo fue evaluar la prevalencia, resultados y supervivencia de los pacientes sometidos a tratamiento intervencionista por TE en un centro de referencia. Métodos: Estudio unicéntrico, observacional y retrospectivo. Se revisaron los procedimientos de ablación por TE y se evaluaron las características basales de los pacientes, tipo de procedimiento, mortalidad total, recurrencia de arritmia, mortalidad cardiovascular y necesidad de trasplante. Resultados: Desde enero de 2009 hasta diciembre de 2016 se realizaron 67 procedimientos (38% de complejos: 19% de ablación endoepicárdica, 7.5% de crioablación epicárdica quirúrgica, 3% de simpatectomía, 3% de inyección coronaria con alcohol; 6% de apoyo con oxigenación con membrana extracorpórea) en 41 pacientes (61% de causa isquémica) por TE. La mortalidad intraprocedimiento fue del 1.5%. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 23.5 meses (RIQ, 14.2-52.7). Tras el primer ingreso por TE (uno o varios procedimientos), la mortalidad a un año fue de 9.8%. La incidencia acumulada de trasplante cardiaco por TE fue de 2.4%. En el análisis multivariado, el riesgo de recurrencias arrítmicas o muerte por cualquier causa fue significativamente mayor en pacientes con arritmias clínicas inducibles (HR, 9.03; p = 0.017). Conclusiones: El tratamiento de pacientes con TE, instituido en un centro de referencia y con experiencia, se relacionó con una tasa baja de recurrencia y supervivencia elevada, con una tasa de trasplante cardiaco por TE muy baja. Ante una recurrencia temprana es recomendable practicar un nuevo procedimiento durante el ingreso.

Abstract Introduction and objective: Electrical storm (ES) is characterized by repeated episodes of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation, with poor short and long term prognosis. Our objective was to evaluate the prevalence, results of interventional treatment and survival of patients undergoing interventional treatment for ES in our center. Methods: Retrospective, unicentric and observational study. ES ablation procedures were revised and data regarding baseline characteristics of the patients, type of procedure, total mortality, recurrence of arrhythmia, cardiovascular mortality and the need for transplantation were evaluated. Results: From January 2009 to December 2016, 67 procedures (38% complex procedures: 19% epicardial ablation, 7.5% surgical epicardial crioablation, 3% simpatectomy, 3% coronary alcohol injection, 6% extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support) were performed in 41 patients (61% Ischemic etiology) due to ES. Intraprocedural mortality was 1.5%. The median follow-up was 23.5 months (IQR [14.2-52.7]). After the first admission for ES (one or several procedures), 1-year mortality was 9.8%. The cumulative incidence of cardiac transplantation was 2.4%. The risk of arrhythmic recurrences or death was significantly higher in patients with inducible clinical arrhythmias after ablation (HR: 9.03, p = 0.017). Conclusions: The treatment of patients with ES, performed in a reference center, allows obtaining good rates of recurrence and survival, with very low rates of cardiac transplantation for ES. In the presence of an early recurrence, it is advisable to perform a new procedure during admission.

Successful treatment of ventricular arrhythmia in tetralogy of fallot repair using catheter ablation

Abstract Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) is one of the most prevalent congenital heart disease. Its surgical corrections may haemodinamically correct a disease, but the incisions may create scars that will originate ventricular arrhythmias. Even though life threatening arrhythmias are not common, some patients present unstable ventricular tachycardia (VT) of ectopic ventricular beats triggering heart failure and symptoms. We describe the treatment of a 16-years-old woman with late ToF repair and drug refractory Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) shocks. The patient underwent successful ablation of VT using X-ray and anatomic landmarks without the use of electroanatomical mapping. We were able to reduce drugs after one month of ablation and improve quality of life and symptoms. In this paper we describe the indications and perform a brief review of the key points for successful radiofrequency catheter ablation of VT in ToF patients.

Substrate mapping strategies for successful ablation of ventricular tachycardia: A review / Técnicas de mapeo y ablación del sustrato arrítmico en pacientes con taquicardia ventricular

Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) currently has an important role in the treatment of incessant ventricular tachycardia and reduction of the number of episodes of recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Conventional mapping techniques require ongoing tachycardia and haemodynamic stability during the procedure. However, in many patients with scar-related ventricular tachycardia, non-inducibility of clinical tachycardia, poor induction reproducibility, haemodynamic instability, and multiple ventricular tachycardias with frequent spontaneous changes of morphology, preclude tachycardia mapping. To overcome these limitations, new strategies for mapping and ablation in sinus rhythm (SR) - substrate mapping strategies - have been developed and are currently used by many centres. This review summarizes the progresses recently achieved in the ablative treatment of ventricular tachycardia using a substrate mapping approach in patients with structural heart disease.

La ablación de la taquicardia ventricular está adquiriendo gran importancia en el tratamiento de la taquicardia ventricular incesante así como en la reducción y prevención de episodios en pacientes con taquicardia ventricular monomorfa sostenida. El abordaje convencional requiere la inducción de la taquicardia ventricular y la tolerancia de la misma durante el procedimento. Sin embargo, en muchos pacientes con taquicardia ventricular, en contexto de un infarto previo, no es factible la inducción de la taquicardia clínica, la inducción presenta baja reproducibilidad, la taquicardia se acompaña de inestabilidad hemodinámica o se presentan múltiples morfologías con variaciones espontáneas de una morfología a otra que dificultan el mapeo durante la taquicardia. Para superar a estas limitaciones, se han desarrollado las técnicas de mapeo y ablación de sustrato en ritmo sinusal, que actualmente se llevan a cabo en muchos centros. Esta revisión se centra en los avances realizados en los últimos años en el campo de la ablación de sustrato de la taquicardia ventricular en el paciente con cardiopatía estructural.

Mapeamento epicárdico da taquicardia ventricular sustentada em cardiopatias não isquêmicas / Epicardial mapping of sustained ventricular tachycardia in nonischemic heart disease / Mapeo epicárdico de la taquicardia ventricular sostenida en cardiopatías no isquémicas

FUNDAMENTO: A complexidade dos circuitos reentrantes relacionados às taquicardias ventriculares diminui os índices de sucesso dos procedimentos de ablação por radiofrequência. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se o mapeamento epicárdico com múltiplos eletrodos realizado simultaneamente com o mapeamento endocárdico auxilia na ablação da taquicardia ventricular (TV) sustentada em pacientes com cardiopatia não isquêmica. MÉTODOS: Vinte e seis pacientes com TV sustentada recorrente, sendo 22 (84,6 por cento) com cardiopatia chagásica crônica, dois (7,7 por cento) com cardiomiopatia dilatada idiopática e dois (7,7 por cento) portadores de displasia arritmogênica do ventrículo direito, foram submetidos a mapeamento epicárdico com dois ou três microcateteres, com 8 eletrodos cada, simultaneamente ao mapeamento endocárdico convencional. Utilizou-se cateter com ponta de 4 mm para ablação com radiofrequência (RF) realizada durante a TV induzida. RESULTADOS: Das 33 TVs induzidas, 25 foram mapeadas e 20 tiveram sua origem definida. Onze com origem epicárdica e 9 endocárdica. A estimulação ventricular programada não induziu TV sustentada em 11 (42,0 por cento) dos 26 pacientes após a ablação. Eventos como recorrência da TV e morte ocorreram em 10,0 por cento dos pacientes submetidos à ablação com sucesso, e em 59,0 por cento dos insucessos, em seguimento ambulatorial médio de 357 ± 208 dias. CONCLUSÃO: Circuitos subepicárdicos são frequentes em pacientes com cardiopatia não isquêmica. O mapeamento epicárdico com múltiplos cateteres realizado simultaneamente com o mapeamento endocárdico contribui para a identificação destes circuitos em um mesmo procedimento.

BACKGROUND: The complexity of reentrant circuits related to ventricular tachycardias decreases the success rate of radiofrequency ablation procedures. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the epicardial mapping with multiple electrodes carried out simultaneously with the endocardial mapping helps in ablation procedures of sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with nonischemic heart disease. METHODS: Twenty-six patients with recurrent sustained VT, of which 22 (84.6 percent) presenting chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy, 2 (7.7 percent) with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and 2 with right ventricular arrhythmogenic dysplasia (RVAD), were submitted to epicardial mapping with two or three microcatheters, with 8 electrodes each, simultaneously to the conventional endocardial mapping. A catheter with a 4-mm tip was used for the ablation by radiofrequency (RF) carried out during the induced VT. RESULTS: Of the 33 induced VT, 25 were mapped and 20 had their origin defined. Eleven had epicardial and 9 had endocardial origin. The programmed ventricular stimulation did not induce sustained VT in 11 (42.0 percent) of the 26 patients after the ablation. Events such as VT recurrence and death occurred in 10.0 percent of the patients submitted to successful ablation and in 59.0 percent of the unsuccessful cases, during a mean ambulatory follow-up of 357 ± 208 days. CONCLUSION: Subepicardial circuits are frequent in patients with nonischemic heart disease. The epicardial mapping with multiple catheters carried out simultaneously with the endocardial mapping contributes to the identification of these circuits in a same procedure.

FUNDAMENTO: La complejidad de los circuitos reentrantes relacionados a las taquicardias ventriculares disminuye los índices de éxito de los procedimientos de ablación por radiofrecuencia. OBJETIVO: Evaluar si el mapeo epicárdico con múltiples electrodos realizado simultáneamente con el mapeo endocárdico ayuda en la ablación de la taquicardia ventricular (TV) sostenida en pacientes con cardiopatía no isquémica. MÉTODOS: Veinte y seis pacientes con TV sostenida recurrente, siendo 22 (84,6 por ciento) con cardiopatía chagásica crónica, dos (7,7 por ciento) con cardiomiopatía dilatada idiopática y dos (7,7 por ciento) portadores de displasia arritmogénica del ventrículo derecho, fueron sometidos a mapeo epicárdico con dos o tres microcatéteres, con 8 electrodos cada uno, simultáneamente al mapeo endocárdico convencional. Se utilizó catéter con punta de 4 mm para ablación con radiofrecuencia (RF) realizada durante la TV inducida. RESULTADOS: De las 33 TVs inducidas, 25 fueron mapeadas y 20 tuvieron su origen definido. Once con origen epicárdica y 9 endocárdica. La estimulación ventricular programada no indujo TV sostenida en 11 (42,0 por ciento) de los 26 pacientes después de la ablación. Eventos como recurrencia de la TV y muerte ocurrieron en 10,0 por ciento de los pacientes sometidos a la ablación con éxito, y en 59,0 por ciento de los fracasos, en control ambulatorio medio de 357 ± 208 días. CONCLUSIÓN: Circuitos subepicárdicos son frecuentes en pacientes con cardiopatía no isquémica. El mapeo epicárdico con múltiples catéteres realizado simultáneamente con el mapeo endocárdico contribuye a la identificación de estos circuitos en un mismo procedimiento.

Successful Catheter Ablation of Focal Automatic Left Ventricular Tachycardia Presented with Tachycardia-Mediated Cardiomyopathy

Non-reentrant focal tachycardias occur spontaneously, facilitated by catecholamine infusion, but they cannot be initiated or terminated with programmed stimulation. These tachycardias exhibit early activation before the QRS, however, do not typically show the mid-diastolic potential that is crucial for reentrant tachycardia maintenance. Electrophysiological studies are useful for distinguishing focal from macro-reentrant ventricular tachycardia. We report herein a case of patient without a history of structural heart disease who presented with a focal Purkinje ventricular tachycardia and heart failure. The focal Purkinje ventricular tachycardia was eliminated by radiofrequency catheter ablation. All of the patien's symptoms were improved after ablation.

Longterm remission of left posterior fascicular ventricular tachycardia due to mechanical trauma / Remisión espontánea de una taquicardia fascicular posterior izquierda paroxística causada por trauma mecánico. Informe de un caso

We present a case of a 28 year old woman with paroxysmal left posterior fascicular ventricular tachycardia (LPFVT). Ventricular tachycardia was not inducible after completing of left ventricle 3D reconstruction. Even though catheter ablation was not performed, no LPFVT recurrence has been documented during 60 months’ follow-up. We surmise that we caused mechanical trauma during the mapping of the posterior fascicle that damaged arrhythmogenic structures and subsequently led to long term remission of the left posterior fascicular ventricular tachycardia.

Presentamos una mujer de 28 años, portadora de una taquicardia fascicular posterior izquierda paroxística que no pudo ser inducida después de completar una reconstrucción en tres dimensiones del ventrículo izquierdo. A pesar no haber efectuado una ablación por electrofulguración, la taquicardia no ha reaparecido después de 60 meses de seguimiento. Suponemos que causamos un trauma mecánico durante el mapeo del fascículo posterior, que dañó las estructuras arritmogénicas. Esto llevó a una remisión a largo plazo de la arritmia.

Incessant ventricular tachycardia acutely controlled with off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery and aneurysmal plication

There are many treatment modalities available to acutely terminate incessant ventricular tachycardia with variable success rates, but some cases tend to prove refractory to all of them. We report a 59-year-old woman presenting with incessant ventricular tachycardia. Echocardiography revealed a large true apical aneurysm and severe left ventricular dysfunction. The arrhythmia was controlled in the operating room after off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery and plication of the apical aneurysm

Radiofrequency ablation of ventricular tachycardia in post myocardial infarction patients: Kuwait experience

We evaluated prospectively 5 patients with previous myocardial infarction who had ventricular tachycardia. The objective of this study was to describe the arrhythmogenic areas and ablate the ischemic VT successfully with multiple radiofrequency applications. All patients were considered eligible irrespective of the presence of Automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implants. Coronary artery bypass graft was performed for two patients. One patient had developed ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation post surgery requiring radiofrequency ablation followed by AICO implantation. Three patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, who had AICO, developed VT prior to the radio frequency ablation therapy. In 5 patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias three dimensional mapping was performed using non contact mapping [EnSite]. RF ablations targeted the arrhythmogenic areas of infarcted zone. All patients were rendered completely non inducible at the end of the procedure. The mean procedure time measured was 3 hours. No complications were observed in any of those patients. On follow up, all patients improved clinically with regard to the quality of life and number of AICD shocks. One post AICD patient had non sustained ventricular tachycardia, during the follow up period. This is a limited study of our local experience in the successful radio frequency ablation of ischemic ventricular tachycardia

Fulguración con radiofrecuencia de taquicardia ventricular después de corrección quirúrgica de Tetralogía de Fallot: Caso Clínico / Radiofrequency ablation of ventricular tachycardia in a patient after surgery for Tetralogy of Fallot: Case report

Ventricular tachycardia is one of the most feared complications after surgical repair of Tetralogy of Fallot and it is associated with sudden death. We report a 26 years old female with a history of surgical repair of Tetralogy of Fallot at age of 4 year-old, who developed sustained ventricular tachycardia despite antiarrhythmic drugs. She was successfully treated with radiofrequency catheter ablation. Radiofrequency catheter ablation is a valid treatment for these patients.

Ablação de taquicardia ventricular idiopática com morfologia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo localizada no tronco da artéria pulmonar / Ablation of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia with left bundle-branch block morphology located in the pulmonary trunk

Paciente de 26 anos, sem cardiopatia estrutural, apresentando palpitações e pré-síncopes devido à taquicardia ventricular não sustentada, foi submetida a estudo eletrofisiológico para tentativa de ablação do foco arritmogênico, usando-se como local, os critérios de mapeamento. Sem obter êxito com o mapeamento da via de saída do ventrículo direito, posicionou-se o cateter dentro da artéria pulmonar com mapeamento de foco satisfatório, eliminando a taquicardia tão logo iniciada a radiofreqüência. Durante seguimento de 14 meses, a paciente permanece assintomática, sem arritmia ao Holter e não nessecitando de drogas antiarrítmicas.

Utilizaçäo de múltiplos cateteres com microeletrodos para mapeamento e ablaçäo epicárdica percutânea de taquicardia ventricular sustentada de etiologia chagásica / Usefulness of multiple microelectrode catheters for percutaneous epicardial mapping and ablation of sustained ventricular tachycardia of chronic chagasic cardiomiopathy

Relata-se um caso de mapeamento e ablaçäo epicárdica percutânea de taquicardia ventricular sustentada de etiologia chagásica em que foi utilizada angiografia ventricular direita para orientar a punçäo pericárdica. Com o posicionamento de 2 microcateteres octapolares, obteve-se a localizaçäo detalhada e a extensäo da zona de conduçäo lenta da taquicardia clínica. Constatou-se nessa regiäo encarrilhamento com fusäo oculta e ciclo de retorno igual ao ciclo de frequência da taquicardia. A aplicaçäo local de radiofrequência interrompeu a taquicardia em 4 segundos, näo sendo possível sua reinduçäo. Conclui-se que a punçäo pericárdica pode ser orientada pela angiografia do ventrículo direito e que a utilizaçäo de múltiplos cateteres com microeletrodos pode fornecer dados adicionais no mapeamento e na ablaçäo epicárdica da taquicardia ventricular de etiologia chagásica.